Scientific Research Hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol verlaging)

Referenties cholesterol verlaging

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Extra beweging bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins following 10-days of prolonged walking: influence of age and relationship to physical activity level
   These data suggest an 'age-dependant' threshold for PAL, rather than a specific exercise intensity or duration, may be critical for inducing favourable changes in HDL-C, LDL-C and TC
2. Correlation of exercise capacity with high-sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with stable coronary artery di
   These results indicate that exercise capacity is inversely correlated with CRP level in patients with known stable CAD irrespective of extent of CAD and standard medication for secondary prevention.
3. Combination diet and exercise interventions for the treatment of dyslipidemia: an effective preliminary strategy to lower cholesterol levels?
   These findings suggest that combination lifestyle therapies are an efficacious, preliminary means of improving cholesterol levels in those diagnosed with dyslipidemia, and should be implemented in place of drug therapy when cholesterol levels fall just above the normal range.
4. Acute prolonged exercise reduces moderately oxidized LDL in healthy men
   The findings suggest that exercise of long duration but of low, non-exhaustive intensity decreases the concentration of circulating oxidized LDL simultaneously with an increase in serum antioxidant potential in healthy trained men. Carbohydrate ingestion during the exercise does not have any further effect on these changes.
5. Evidence of major genes for plasma HDL, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at baseline and in response to 20 weeks of endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study
   In summary, major gene effects that influence baseline plasma HDL-C and LDL-C levels as well as changes in HDL-C levels in response to regular exercise were detected in the current study.
6. Effect of exercise training on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy adults: the HERITAGE Family Study.
   Plasma C-reactive protein levels are reduced in response to exercise training in sedentary healthy adults with high initial C-reactive protein levels. This finding may partly explain the effectiveness of regular physical activity in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

Het gebruik van niacine (B3) bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Increasing HDL cholesterol with extended-release nicotinic acid (Niaspan, B7): from promise to practice
   Niaspan effectively raises HDL-C with concomitant beneficial effects on TG and LDL-C. Niaspan can be combined safely with statins and is also effective in patients with combined dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trials on CV endpoints evaluating the effect of statins with Niaspan are urgently needed to settle whether this combination can confirm the high expectations for cardiovascular outcome
2. Nicotinic acid: the broad-spectrum lipid drug. A 50th anniversary review
   Nicotinic acid has, like the Roman God Janus, two faces. One is the vitamin. The other is the broad-spectrum lipid drug. From the point of view of treatment of the dyslipidaemias that are risk factors for clinical atherosclerosis nicotinic acid is a miracle drug. It lowers the levels of all atherogenic lipoproteins--VLDL and LDL with subclasses as well as Lp(a)--and in addition it raises more than any other drug the levels of the protective HDL lipoproteins.
3. Niacin--an additive therapeutic approach for optimizing lipid profile
   On the basis of current data niacin should be considered a valuable therapy component in patients with dyslipidemia, in which a monotherapy fails to optimize an increased risk of coronary artery disea
4. The effects of niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution
   The niacin-associated elevations in HDL cholesterol likely stem from differential drug effects on subclasses, producing favorable changes in levels of HDL2 and apolipoprotein A-I. Niacin has more moderate LDL cholesterol-lowering efficacy, but this change is associated with an increase in LDL particle size and a shift from small LDL to the less atherogenic, large LDL subclasses. In addition, it also tends to decrease concentrations of the larger very-low-density lipoprotein subclasses. Niacin confers diverse benefits with respect to both the quantity and quality of lipid and lipoprotein particles.
5. New perspectives on the use of niacin in the treatment of lipid disorders
   Long-acting niacin can be taken once daily and is associated with significantly reduced flushing, but its metabolism increases the risk of hepatotoxic effects. Extended-release niacin, also given once daily, has an absorption rate intermediate between the other formulations and is associated with fewer flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms without increasing hepatotoxic risk
6. The metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and use of niacin
   Treatment of the metabolic syndrome is recommended by NCEP-ATP III to further reduce CHD risk after the LDL-C target has been met. Prospective clinical studies are needed to define the impact of niacin and other lipid-modifying agents on CHD morbidity and mortality in patients with the metabolic syndrome

Het gebruik van policosanol bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Meta-analysis of natural therapies for hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol
   Plant sterols and stanols and policosanol are well tolerated and safe; however, policosanol is more effective than plant sterols and stanols for LDL level reduction and more favorably alters the lipid profile, approaching antilipemic drug efficacy.
2. Long-term effects of policosanol on obese patients with Type II Hypercholesterolemia
   It is concluded that policosanol was effective for lowering cholesterol in obese patients with type II hypercholesterolemia, being also safe and well tolerated.
3. Role of policosanols in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disea
   In summary, policosanols are a promising resource in the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but these results need to be confirmed in independent laboratories.
4. Cholesterol-lowering action of policosanol compares well to that of pravastatin and lovastatin
   Cholesterol-lowering action of policosanol compares well to that of pravastatin and lovastatin
5. Effects of policosanol and lovastatin on lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in patients with dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus
   In conclusion, policosanol and lovastatin administered short term to patients with dyslipidemia secondary to type 2 diabetes were effective in lowering cholesterol and in inhibiting the extent of lipid peroxidation. Policosanol (10 mg/day) was slightly more effective than lovastatin (20 mg/day) in reducing the LDL-C/HDL-C and total cholesterol/HDL-C ratios, in increasing HDL-C levels and in preventing LDL oxidation.
6. Effects of addition of policosanol to omega-3 fatty acid therapy on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia
   Policosanol 5 or 10 mg/day administered concomitantly with omega-3 FA 1 g/day improved LDL-C, TC and HDL-C, maintained the reduction in TG attributable to omega-3 FA monotherapy, and was well tolerated. Treatment with omega-3 FA + policosanol could be useful for regulating lipid profile in patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia, but further studies involving larger sample sizes are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Het gebruik van artisjok bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.
   Moreover earlier findings on a lipidlowering and hepatoprotective effect may be confirmed. In-vitro and in-vivo it has been possible to evaluate the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids are mainly responsible for the observed actions.
2. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts
   High-dose aqueous extracts from artichoke leaves were found to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis from 14C-acetate in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that artichoke extracts may inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in an indirect but efficient manner and, thus, may contribute via this action to the recently confirmed hypolipidemic influence of this phytopharmacon in man.
3. Artichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipemia
   In conclusion, artichoke dietary supplementation seems to positively modulate endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia.
4. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells by artichoke extracts is reinforced by glucosidase pretreatment
   These findings emphasize the importance of beta-glucosidase-dependent liberation of luteolin for the ability of artichoke extracts to inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis

Het gebruik van knoflook bij cholesterol verlaging

Negatief advies over het gebruik van knoflook bij cholesterol verlaging.

1. Garlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a)
   This investigation confirms that garlic therapy has no effect on major plasma lipoproteins and further, that it has no impact on HDL subclasses, Lp(a), apolipoprotein B, postprandial triglycerides or LDL subclass distribution. Garlic may have a greater effect on LDL particle diameter in LDL pattern A compared with pattern B subjects. This difference was not reflected in other plasma lipid measurements.
2. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial
   The commercial garlic oil preparation investigated had no influence on serum lipoproteins, cholesterol absorption, or cholesterol synthesis. Garlic therapy for treatment of hypercholesterolemia cannot be recommended on the basis of this study.
3. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
   Garlic powder (900 mg/d) treatment for 12 weeks was ineffective in lowering cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia

Het gebruik van curcuma bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Curcumin attenuates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats
   Curcumin showed an obvious hypocholesterolemic effect that could be due to an effect on cholesterol absorption, degradation or elimination, but not due to an anti-oxidant mechanism. This could be supported by the finding in our study that neither HCD nor curcumin-admixed HCD had any effects on the liver content of glutathione (GSH) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Thus one could argue that ingestion of curcumin-containing spices in the diet, especially one rich in fats, could have a lipid-lowering effect.
2. Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers
   The effect of curcumin administration in reducing the serum levels of cholesterol and lipid peroxides was studied in ten healthy human volunteers, receiving 500 mg of curcumin per day for 7 days. A significant decrease in the level of serum lipid peroxides (33%), increase in HDL Cholesterol (29%), and a decrease in total serum cholesterol (11.63%) were noted. As curcumin reduced serum lipid peroxides and serum cholesterol, the study of curcumin as a chemopreventive substance against arterial diseases is suggested.
3. Dietary curcuminoids prevent high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in rat liver and epididymal adipose tissue
   These results indicate that dietary curcuminoids have lipid-lowering potency in vivo, probably due to alterations in fatty acid metabolism.

Het gebruik van Perilla olie bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Comparative effects of short- and long-term feeding of safflower oil and perilla oil on lipid metabolism in rats
   These results indicate that alpha-linolenic acid has a more potent serum cholesterol-lowering ability than linoleic acid both in short and long feeding-terms

Het gebruik van groene thee bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Cross sectional study of effects of drinking green tea on cardiovascular and liver diseases
   The inverse association between consumption of green tea and various serum markers shows that green tea may act protectively against cardiovascular disease and disorders of the liver
2. Effect of green tea catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol-fed rats
   Tea catechin supplementation increased fecal excretion of total lipids and cholesterol. The results demonstrate that tea catechins exert a hypocholesterolemic effect in cholesterol-fed rats.
3. Medicinal benefits of green tea: Part I. Review of noncancer health benefits
   Oxidized catechins (theaflavins in black tea) may reduce cholesterol levels in blood.
4. CholesterolEffect of tea catechins on postprandial plasma lipid responses in human subjects
   Epidemiological surveys suggest that a higher intake of tea may be associated with a lower risk of CHD. There is accumulating evidence that postprandial lipaemia makes a substantial contribution to the incidence of CHD.
5. Effectiveness of moderate green tea consumption on antioxidative status and plasma lipid profile in huma
   The present study suggests the ability of GT, consumed within a balanced controlled diet, to improve overall the antioxidative status and to protect against oxidative damage in humans
6. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial
   The theaflavin-enriched green tea extract we studied is an effective adjunct to a low-saturated-fat diet to reduce LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic adults and is well tolerated

Het gebruik van koffie bij cholesterol verlaging

Negatief advies voor het gebruik van koffie bij cholesterol verlaging.

1. Association of serum lipoproteins and health-related habits with coffee and tea consumption in free-living subjects examined in the Israeli CORDIS Study
   After controlling for a number of potential confounders, coffee consumption (particularly "mud" coffee) was strongly and positively associated with higher serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both sexes (consumers of five or more cups per day had cholesterol levels up to 18 mg/dl higher than abstainers) and with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women
2. Association of serum lipids with coffee, tea, and egg consumption in free-living subjects
   Thus, allowing for the bias inherent in dietary recall, coffee and tea consumption appear to be associated more strongly with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels than egg consumption

Het gebruik van vitamine C en E bij cholesterol verlaging

Niet in combinatie met cholesterol geneesmiddelen gebruiken.

1. Synergistic antioxidative effect of vitamins E and C on low density lipoproteins from smokers and non-smokers subjects
   In conclusion, simultaneous administration of vitamins E and C exerts an important antioxidant effect on LDL-lipids peroxidation. This effect could operate as an attenuating factor of the increased atherogenesis commonly observed in smoker subjects.
2. The impact of vitamin and/or mineral supplementation on lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes
   It is concluded that since co-supplementation of Mg, Zn, Vitamins C and E significantly increases HDL-c and apo A1, supplementation of these micronutrients could be recommended for the type 2 diabetic patients based on their daily requirements.
3. The salutary effects of antioxidant vitamins on the plasma lipids of healthy middle aged-to-elderly individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
   Antioxidant vitamins C and E or their combination can effectively lower the serum cholesterol and LDL levels and raise the serum HDL level in the middle aged-to-elderly healthy individuals.
4. Chronic intake of pharmacological doses of vitamin E might be useful in the therapy of elderly patients with coronary heart disease
   We conclude that chronic intake of pharmacological doses of vitamin E might be useful in the therapy of elderly insulin-resistant patients with coronary heart disease.

Het gebruik van Anti-oxidanten in combinatie met simvastatine bij cholesterol verlaging

Negatief advies voor het gebruik van anti-oxidanten (vitamine E, C, selenium en beta caroteen) in combinatie met simvastatine bij cholesterol verlaging. Het gebruik van niacine in combinatie met simvastatine gaf wel een positief resultaat.

1. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL
   Thus, in CAD patients with low HDL-C, S-N substantially increased HDL(2)-C, Lp(A-I), and HDL particle size. These favorable responses were blunted by the antioxidants used owing to a striking selective effect on Lp(A-I). This unexpected adverse interaction between antioxidants and lipid therapy may have important implications for the management of CAD.

Het gebruik van visolie (EPA DHA) bij cholesterol verlaging

1. Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects
   Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile.
2. Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians
   Moderate fish-oil supplementation contributes to a reversal of lipid abnormalities and low n-3 PUFA levels in Indo-Asians and should be considered as an important, yet simple, dietary manipulation to reduce CAD risk in Indo-Asians with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.
3. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases
   Our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of the dietary supplement containing EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids reduces significantly the above risk factors for CVD.
4. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic review
   Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes lowers triglycerides, raises LDL cholesterol, and has no statistically significant effect on glycemic control. Trials with hard clinical end points are needed.
5. Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
   These results show that supplementation with a fish-oil-derived concentrate can favorably influence selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, particularly by achieving marked reductions in serum triacylglycerol concentrations and triacylglycerol:HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving HRT. This approach could potentially reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by 27% in postmenopausal women.
6. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
   Dietary DHA, in the absence of EPA, can affect lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. The desirable triglyceride and HDL-C changes were present at a dose which did not significantly increased non-HDL-C or LDL-C. These preliminary findings suggest that dietary supplementation with 1.25 g DHA/day, provided in a triglyceride form, may be an effective tool to aid in the management of hypertriglyceridemia.

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